论文快递: 第一百七十一期

六yi利物浦

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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！

本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百七十一期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的五篇论文。主题包括城市移民区的社会空间超级多元化，公共住房供给与社会混合度的关联，年龄隔离与无住房负担能力，街区效应的多尺度纵向表现，城市土地征用的政治经济学，欢迎阅读。

01

Transnational migrants and the socio-spatial superdiversification of the global city Tokyo           

跨国移民与全球城市东京的社会空间超级多元化

Sakura Yamamura（德国亚琛工业大学）首次出版时间：2022/9/23｜研究论文
Abstract

Tokyo illustrates a particularly interesting case of differential inclusions of transnational migrants in urban spaces, as the novel turn in migration policy in coordination with urban economic development has induced the arrival and diversification of migrant populations into the city. With the recent historic opening of the country to lower-skilled labour migration as well as measures to (re-) attract the global economy, thus incentivising transnational corporate professionals to relocate to specific national economic zones within the city, Tokyo is in a new socio-spatial diversification process. With a non-ethno-focal lens on transnational migration and focusing on upper-class transnational corporate migrants, this article discusses diversification regarding the newer arrivals of migrants who are differently included in the urban spaces as compared to older generations of migrants. It delivers novel accounts of a diversifying transnational migrant groups’ socio-spatial patterns within Tokyo, which illustrate the dynamics of differential inclusions resulting from the superdiversification of urban societies. The article gives new insights into the socio-spatial diversification dynamics of transnational urban spaces in a long-neglected but highly topical Asian arrival city, and conceptually reflects such localised superdiversification of urban spaces on a global scale.Constructed from scratch on land reclaimed from the sea, Songdo was planned to embody new ‘smart city’ life. In reality, it has come to exemplify enclave urbanism that commodifies securitised living for upwardly mobile middle classes. While the political economy of this urban project is by now well studied, the sociological ethnography of the resultant space and its experiential correlates remains less developed and imperfectly contextualised. One needs to connect the dots of power and space. The present paper aims to do that and thematises the ‘design of everyday life’ which rests on (1) the intensification of privatised digital surveillance of mass housing compounds which in turn occasions (2) the remaking of spatial markers and symbolic boundaries between private/public, inclusive/exclusive, inside/outside. As such it is a combination of two different registers of visibility that gets jointly orchestrated by the public–private partnership of Korean state and corporate actors. In order to recognise these regimes as strategic visions of controlled social life we extend James Scott’s notion of ‘seeing like a state’ to include the corresponding regime that we call ‘seeing like a corporation’. This allows us to show that they are mutually elaborative in Songdo through a hybridised fabrication of its lived environment, particularly in the case of one branded housing typology located in the city’s centre called International Business District. This elucidates not only the local entrepreneurial urbanism that gave rise to the controlled environment of Songdo but also more general logics of the ‘compressed modernisation’ in the region which sets a global mode for production of space and re-territorialisation of power.

摘要在城市空间为跨国移民提供多元化包容方面，东京是一个特别有趣的案例，其与城市经济发展相协调的移民政策的新转变吸引了移民人口纷纷进入，形成了多元化的移民人口结构。日本最近历史性地放开对低技能劳动者的移民限制，并采取措施（重新）吸引全球经济，以此激励跨国公司专业人员移民到位于东京的一些特定的国家级经济区，因此，东京正在经历一个新的社会空间多元化进程。本文关注的是上层跨国公司移民，并不区分这些跨国移民的族裔。与老一辈移民相比，这些新移民融入了不同的城市空间。本文对这种多元化进行了讨论，对东京地区多元化的跨国移民群体的社会空间格局进行了全新的描述，说明了城市社群超级多元化所带来的多重包容性的新趋势。本文选取了一个长期被忽视的亚洲移民优选城市作为研究对象，对城市移民区的社会空间多元化趋势提出了新的见解，并从概念上反映了全球范围内城市空间的这种局部超级多元化现象。
Keywords 

global city, socio-spatial diversification, superdiversity, transnational migration, transnational space

关键词全球城市，社会空间多元化，超级多元化，跨国移民，跨国空间
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221114213

02

Social mix and the city: Council housing and neighbourhood income inequality in Vienna

社会结构与城市：维也纳的公共住房和社区收入不平等

Tamara Premrov（奥地利欧洲社会福利政策与研究中心）Matthias Schnetzer（奥地利联邦劳工商会）首次出版时间：2022/9/23｜研究论文
Abstract

The Austrian capital of Vienna is widely acknowledged as one of the most livable cities, featuring a unique model of council housing that accounts for roughly 25% of all residential dwellings. This paper studies whether the broad provision of council housing is linked with a higher social mix in the neighbourhood. The analysis is based on administrative wage tax data at a small-scale raster grid of 500 × 500 meter with neighbourhood income inequality as an indicator for the social mix. While council housing is widely spread across the city, we find distinct spatial clusters of high and low income and inequality. Spatial econometric models show that council housing in Vienna is associated with lower income areas but slightly correlates with higher neighbourhood income inequality. These findings suggest that well-designed public housing policies may contribute to a higher social mix in a city.

摘要 

奥地利首都维也纳是公认的最宜居的城市之一，该城市拥有独特的公共住房模式，该类型的住宅约占所有住宅的25%。本文主要研究广泛提供的公共住房是否与街区中较高的社会混合度有关。该分析基于500*500m的小规模栅格上的工资所得税行政数据，街区收入不平等是社会混合中的一个指标。虽然公共住房遍布整个城市，但我们发现高收入和低收入以及收入不平等呈现明显的空间集群。空间经济计量模型表明，维也纳的公共住房与低收入地区相关，但与街区收入不平等程度较高的地区略有关联。这些发现表明，精心设计的公共住房政策可能有助于改善城市的社会混合度。

Keywords administrative data, council housing, neighbourhood income inequality, social mix, Vienna
关键词 

行政数据，公共住房，街区收入不平等，社会混合，维也纳

原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221119408

03

Age segregation and housing unaffordability: Generational divides in housing opportunities and spatial polarisation in England and Wales

年龄隔离和无住房负担能力：英格兰和威尔士住房机会和空间极化的代际差异

Albert Sabater（西班牙赫罗纳大学）Nissa Finney（英格兰圣安德鲁斯大学）首次出版时间：2022/9/28｜研究论文
Abstract

Age is an important known driver of residential sorting, yet little is understood about how age segregation is affected by housing unaffordability. This relationship is particularly pertinent given trends of increasing housing inequalities and population ageing, in Europe and elsewhere. Using harmonised population data for small areas linked with local house price statistics and household incomes in England and Wales, this paper examines the scale of, and links between, residential age segregation and housing unaffordability. The results reveal a strong association between increasing housing unaffordability (for sales and rentals) and increasing residential age segregation (beyond other local characteristics). This association is particularly marked in urban and rich (least deprived) areas. This points to increasing spatial polarisation along the intersections of wealth and age: not only are the wealthiest parts of the country, where housing is particularly unaffordable, becoming increasingly demarcated socio-economically but also by age. This implies that age-related life course processes are integral to the trends observed more broadly of increasing socio-spatial polarisation.

摘要 年龄是居住分类的一个重要已知驱动因素，但人们对年龄隔离如何受到无住房负担能力的影响了解甚少。鉴于欧洲和其他地方住房不平等和人口老龄化加剧的趋势，了解它们之间的关系尤其重要。本文使用与英格兰和威尔士当地房价统计数据和家庭收入相关的小面积统计人口数据，研究了年龄居住隔离的程度及其与无住房负担能力之间的联系。结果显示，无住房负担能力（包括购房和租房）人口的增加与年龄居住隔离（除了其他地方特征之外）的增加之间存在着强烈的关联。这种关联在城市和富裕（贫困程度最低）地区尤为明显。这意味着财富和年龄相交处的空间极化日益加剧：不仅是在一个国家最富裕的地区（无住房负担能力的现象特别突出）社会经济界限越来越明显，不同年龄的人，住房负担能力也不同，他们之间的社会经济界限也越来越明显。这意味着，与年龄相关的生命过程是不容忽视的，可以让我们更广泛观地察到社会空间极化加剧的趋势。
Keywords England and Wales, housing unaffordability, intergenerational fairness, residential age segregation, socio-spatial inequalities, spatial polarisation
关键词 英格兰和威尔士，无住房负担能力，代际公平，年龄居住隔离，社会空间不平等，空间极化
原文地址 
https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221121088

04

Contextual poverty and obtained educational level and income in Sweden and the Netherlands: A multi-scale and longitudinal study

瑞典和荷兰的环境贫困与获得的教育水平和收入：一项多尺度的纵向研究

Eva Andersson（瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学）Heleen Janssen（德国马克斯普朗克研究所）等四位作者首次出版时间：2022/10/1 ｜研究论文
Abstract

Studies of neighbourhood effects typically measure the neighbourhood context at one specific spatial scale. It is increasingly acknowledged, however, that the mechanisms through which the residential context affects individual outcomes may operate at different spatial scales, ranging from the very immediate environment to the metropolitan region. We take a multi-scale approach to investigate the extent to which concentrated poverty in adolescence is related to obtained education level and income later in life, by measuring the residential context as bespoke neighbourhoods at five geographical scales that range from areas encompassing the 200 nearest neighbours to areas that include the 200k+ nearest neighbours. We use individual-level geocoded longitudinal register data from Sweden and the Netherlands to follow 15/16-year-olds until they are 30 years old. The findings show that the contextual effects on education are very similar in both countries. Living in a poor area as a teenager is related to a lower obtained educational level when people are in their late 20s. This relationship, however, is stronger for lower spatial scales. We also find effects of contextual poverty on income in both countries. Overall, this effect is stronger in the Netherlands than in Sweden. Partly, this is related to differences in spatial structure. If only individuals in densely populated areas in Sweden are considered, effects on income are similar across the two countries and income effects are more stable across spatial scales. Overall, we find important evidence that the scalar properties of neighbourhood effects differ across life-course outcomes.

摘要

街区效应的研究通常是在一个特定的空间尺度上衡量街区环境。然而，人们越来越认识到，居住环境影响个体结果的机制可能在不同的空间尺度上运行，从非常直接的环境到大都市区域。我们采用多尺度方法，通过在五个地理尺度上测量定制街区居住环境，来调查青少年集中贫困在多大程度上与日后所受教育和获得的收入有关。这五个地理尺度涵盖包括200个近邻的地区到包括20万个以上近邻的地区。我们使用来自瑞典和荷兰的经过地理编码的纵向登记个人数据跟踪研究15到16岁儿童，直到他们30岁。研究结果表明，在这两个国家，环境对教育的影响非常相似。青少年时期生活在贫困地区与20多岁时受教育程度的相关性较低。在较低的空间尺度，两者之间更为相关。我们还发现了在这两个国家环境贫困对收入的影响情况。总的来说，在荷兰，这种影响比在瑞典更大。空间结构的差异是部分原因。如果只考虑瑞典人口稠密地区的人，环境贫困对收入的影响在两个国家是相似的，在空间尺度上对收入的影响更稳定。总的来说，我们发现了街区效应的标量属性在生命历程的不同结果中有所不同的重要证据。

Keywordsbespoke neighbourhoods, contextual poverty, education, income, multi-scale, neighbourhood effects
关键词

定制街区，环境贫困，教育，收入，多尺度，街区效应

原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221120492

05

The political economy of land expropriation in urban Bangladesh

孟加拉国城市土地征用的政治经济学

Lipon Mondal（孟加拉国达卡大学）首次出版时间：2022/10/1｜研究论文
Abstract

This paper explores the 71-year (1947–2018) history of land expropriation in urban Bangladesh. It examines three interrelated questions regarding land occupation. First, how does the state and market pursue their mutual and competing class interests by expropriating land? Next, how does the state and market deploy primarily extra-economic means to seize land? Finally, how do actors, strategies and purposes of land expropriation vary from one political regime to another? This article addresses these questions by engaging with extant theories of land dispossession and class analysis and collecting a wide range of empirical evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh. It argues that state and market actors in different political regimes use extra-economic means to accumulate land, creating preconditions for capitalism and expanding the existing capitalist system. To elaborate on this argument, it examines three factors of land expropriation: class, power and structure. The class dimension examines state and market actors who pursue their respective class interests by grabbing land. The power dimension explores land occupation strategies: who can use what forms of legal or illegal means to expropriate land. The structural factor shows how actors, methods, and purposes of land accumulation vary from regime to regime. Overall, this paper examines historical and contemporary forms of class interests attached to land accumulation, distinct mechanisms and purposes of land expropriation, and the nature of capitalist transformation under various political regimes.

摘要
本文探讨了孟加拉国城市土地征用的71年（1947-2018年）历史。我们研究有关土地占用的三个相互关联的问题。首先，国家和市场如何通过征用土地来追求相互竞争的阶级利益？接下来，国家和市场如何主要部署额外的经济手段来夺取土地？最后，土地征用的行为者、战略和目的在不同的政治制度之间如何不同？本文通过参与现有的土地征用理论和阶级分析，并从孟加拉国达卡收集大量经验证据来解决这些问题。我们认为，不同政治体制中的国家和市场参与者使用额外的经济手段来积累土地，为资本主义创造了先决条件，并扩大了现有的资本主义制度。为了阐述这一论点，我们考察了土地征用的三个因素：阶级、权力和结构。阶级维度考察通过攫取土地追求各自阶级利益的国家和市场行为者。权力维度探讨土地占用策略：谁可以使用何种形式的合法或非法手段征用土地。结构因素显示了不同制度下土地积累的参与者、方法和目的如何变化。总的来说，本文考察了历史和当代形式的土地积累所附带的阶级利益，土地征用的不同机制和目的，以及不同政治制度下资本主义转型的性质。
Keywordsaccumulation by dispossession, Bangladesh, class, Dhaka, land, power, primitive accumulation, regimes of dispossession, structure, urban
关键词剥夺积累，孟加拉国，阶级，达卡，土地，权力，原始积累，剥夺制度，结构，城市
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221121573

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